• 難むずかしい — difficult
• 困難こんなん — hardship / difficulty
• 災難さいなん — disaster / misfortune
• 避難ひなん — evacuation / refuge
• 遭難そうなん — shipwreck / accident
• 難民なんみん — refugee

難 combines the 隹 (bird) radical with phonetic and semantic elements suggesting hardship or complexity. Historically, it related to the difficulty of catching birds, and later broadened to mean trouble, crisis, and disaster.