• 鉱山こうざん — mine
• 鉱石こうせき — ore
• 鉱脈こうみゃく — mineral vein
• 採鉱さいこう — mining
• 炭鉱たんこう — coal mine

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鉱 combines 金 (metal) with 光 (shine/stone-related component). It refers to naturally occurring raw ore, emphasizing unrefined minerals extracted from the earth.