• 五穀ごこく — the five grains (rice, wheat, millet, beans, etc.)
• 雑穀ざっこく — mixed grains; minor cereals
• 脱穀だっこく — threshing (grain)
• 穀物こくもつ — grains; cereals
• 穀倉こくそう — granary
• 穀類こくるい — types of grain

The character 穀 combines 禾 (grain) with 殳 (tool/strike), evoking the processing of grain. Over time, it came to refer broadly to staple crops.

It appears in agricultural, historical, and nutritional contexts, from harvest terms to food security discussions.